[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2872},["ShallowReactive",2],{"glossary-en":3},[4,81,180,258,324,401,499,588,676,760,865,992,1075,1160,1217,1276,1357,1431,1484,1531,1595,1658,1731,1801,1857,1917,1991,2049,2115,2183,2260,2316,2375,2454,2526,2595,2661,2744,2810],{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":67,"extension":68,"meta":69,"navigation":76,"path":77,"seo":78,"stem":79,"__hash__":80},"en_glossary/en/glossary/advanced-filtering.md","Advanced Filtering: Unscented Kalman vs Standard Kalman",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":59},"minimark",[10,15,19,24,32,56],[11,12,14],"h2",{"id":13},"when-standard-kalman-falls-short","When Standard Kalman Falls Short...",[16,17,18],"p",{},"The Standard Kalman Filter (KF) works on the assumption that the system moves linearly (e.g., a car moving at constant speed). However, the real world is chaotic.",[20,21,23],"h3",{"id":22},"extended-ekf-and-unscented-kalman-ukf","Extended (EKF) and Unscented Kalman (UKF)",[16,25,26,27,31],{},"If the system is ",[28,29,30],"strong",{},"non-linear"," (e.g., complex joint movements of a robot arm or a drone hit by sudden wind), standard KF produces erroneous results.",[33,34,35,42],"ol",{},[36,37,38,41],"li",{},[28,39,40],{},"Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)",": Tries to \"force\" the system into linearity using mathematical derivatives (Jacobian matrices). It requires processing power and can sometimes become unstable.",[36,43,44,47,48,51,52,55],{},[28,45,46],{},"Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)",": Instead of linearizing the system, it takes a sample of possible scenarios (sigma points) and simulates them. Since there is no derivative calculation, it is ",[28,49,50],{},"more stable"," and usually yields ",[28,53,54],{},"more accurate"," results than EKF.",[16,57,58],{},"Amazeng's AI-powered modules utilize lightweight UKF algorithms to clean complex signal noise.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":62},"",2,[63],{"id":13,"depth":61,"text":14,"children":64},[65],{"id":22,"depth":66,"text":23},3,"Noise reduction in non-linear systems and the superiority of the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF).","md",{"tags":70},[71,72,73,74,75],"Kalman Filter","UKF","EKF","Estimation","Robotics",true,"/en/glossary/advanced-filtering",{"title":6,"description":67},"en/glossary/advanced-filtering","9amJwHL0d5ZDm0POH2Ayq3N24h-EiCAUD2BzUqG-jTs",{"id":82,"title":83,"body":84,"description":167,"extension":68,"meta":168,"navigation":76,"path":176,"seo":177,"stem":178,"__hash__":179},"en_glossary/en/glossary/basic-device-definitions.md","Basic Device Definitions: Sensor, Transducer, Transmitter, Actuator",{"type":8,"value":85,"toc":159},[86,90,93,97,100,110,114,117,121,128,144,148,151],[11,87,89],{"id":88},"basic-device-definitions","Basic Device Definitions",[16,91,92],{},"In industrial automation, devices are categorized based on their functional role in the control loop.",[20,94,96],{"id":95},"_1-sensor","1. Sensor",[16,98,99],{},"The first element in the measurement chain. It detects a physical parameter (pressure, temperature, flow, force) and converts it into a measurable electrical signal.",[101,102,103],"ul",{},[36,104,105,109],{},[106,107,108],"em",{},"Example",": A strain gauge on a load cell or a thermocouple bead.",[20,111,113],{"id":112},"_2-transducer","2. Transducer",[16,115,116],{},"A broader term for a device that converts energy from one form to another. While often used interchangeably with \"sensor\", it technically refers to the element doing the physical-to-electrical conversion. It often produces a weak, raw signal (mV).",[20,118,120],{"id":119},"_3-transmitter","3. Transmitter",[16,122,123,124,127],{},"A device that takes the weak signal from a sensor/transducer, processes it, and converts it into a standard industrial signal (like ",[28,125,126],{},"4-20mA",", 0-10V, or Modbus) that can be transmitted over long distances to a PLC or SCADA system without degradation.",[101,129,130],{},[36,131,132,135,136,143],{},[106,133,134],{},"Our Solution",": The ",[28,137,138],{},[139,140,142],"a",{"href":141},"/en/products/gdt-digital-transmitter","GDT Digital Transmitter"," is a prime example, converting loadcell mV signals into stable digital outputs.",[20,145,147],{"id":146},"_4-actuator-final-control-element","4. Actuator (Final Control Element)",[16,149,150],{},"The device that sits at the end of the control loop. It receives a signal from the controller (PLC) and converts it into physical mechanical action to change the process.",[101,152,153],{},[36,154,155,158],{},[106,156,157],{},"Examples",": Electric motors, pneumatic valves, hydraulic pistons.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":160},[161],{"id":88,"depth":61,"text":89,"children":162},[163,164,165,166],{"id":95,"depth":66,"text":96},{"id":112,"depth":66,"text":113},{"id":119,"depth":66,"text":120},{"id":146,"depth":66,"text":147},"Functional hierarchy of industrial devices: From sensing the physical world to taking action.",{"tags":169},[170,171,172,173,174,175],"Sensors","Transducer","Transmitter","Actuator","Instrumentation","Automation","/en/glossary/basic-device-definitions",{"title":83,"description":167},"en/glossary/basic-device-definitions","miXirdGrDWIiobdN5RcEk0QJwlFm84op7U50SuEnqv4",{"id":181,"title":182,"body":183,"description":247,"extension":68,"meta":248,"navigation":76,"path":254,"seo":255,"stem":256,"__hash__":257},"en_glossary/en/glossary/calibration-metrology.md","Calibration and Metrology: Traceability, Uncertainty, Zero & Span",{"type":8,"value":184,"toc":240},[185,189,192,196,199,207,211,214,219,223,226],[11,186,188],{"id":187},"calibration-and-metrology","Calibration and Metrology",[16,190,191],{},"These terms define the reliability and \"trustworthiness\" of a measurement result.",[20,193,195],{"id":194},"traceability","Traceability",[16,197,198],{},"The property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference (usually national or international standards like SI units) through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty.",[101,200,201],{},[36,202,203,206],{},[106,204,205],{},"Simply put",": Being able to prove that your 1kg weight is actually 1kg because it was checked against a standard, which was checked against a master standard, and so on.",[20,208,210],{"id":209},"uncertainty-measurement-uncertainty","Uncertainty (Measurement Uncertainty)",[16,212,213],{},"A parameter characterizing the dispersion of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measured quantity. It tells us the \"doubt\" in the measurement.",[101,215,216],{},[36,217,218],{},"No measurement is perfect. A result is reported as \"100.00 g ± 0.01 g\", where 0.01 is the uncertainty.",[20,220,222],{"id":221},"zero-span","Zero & Span",[16,224,225],{},"The two fundamental points for calibrating a linear instrument.",[101,227,228,234],{},[36,229,230,233],{},[28,231,232],{},"Zero",": The output when the input is at its minimum (e.g., 0 kg -> 4 mA).",[36,235,236,239],{},[28,237,238],{},"Span",": The output when the input is at its maximum (e.g., 100 kg -> 20 mA).\nAdjustment of these two points is the most common form of calibration.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":241},[242],{"id":187,"depth":61,"text":188,"children":243},[244,245,246],{"id":194,"depth":66,"text":195},{"id":209,"depth":66,"text":210},{"id":221,"depth":66,"text":222},"Ensuring measurement trust: The concepts of Calibration, Traceability, and Uncertainty.",{"tags":249},[250,251,195,252,253],"Calibration","Metrology","Uncertainty","Zero Span","/en/glossary/calibration-metrology",{"title":182,"description":247},"en/glossary/calibration-metrology","SsapPmZZu27OLwTpfvSIR1eHQEHsim8aMYza1gz8ay0",{"id":259,"title":260,"body":261,"description":313,"extension":68,"meta":314,"navigation":76,"path":320,"seo":321,"stem":322,"__hash__":323},"en_glossary/en/glossary/accuracy.md","Difference Between Accuracy and Precision",{"type":8,"value":262,"toc":309},[263,267,270,277,281,284,299],[11,264,266],{"id":265},"what-is-accuracy","What is Accuracy?",[16,268,269],{},"Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the \"true value\".",[101,271,272],{},[36,273,274,276],{},[28,275,108],{},": If you weigh a stone that actually weighs 100.00 kg and the scale shows 100.01 kg, the accuracy is high. If it shows 105.00 kg, the accuracy is low.",[11,278,280],{"id":279},"what-is-precision","What is Precision?",[16,282,283],{},"Precision (or Repeatability) is how consistently you get the \"same result\" when you repeat the measurement under the same conditions.",[101,285,286],{},[36,287,288,290,291,294,295,298],{},[28,289,108],{},": If the scale shows 105.00 kg every single time, this scale is ",[28,292,293],{},"very precise"," (consistent) but ",[28,296,297],{},"not accurate"," (wrong value). This can be fixed with calibration.",[16,300,301,302,308],{},"Amazeng ",[28,303,304],{},[139,305,307],{"href":306},"/en/products/zma-data-acquisition","ZMA Series"," deliver both accurate and precise (repeatable) results thanks to their high-precision ADCs and factory calibration.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":310},[311,312],{"id":265,"depth":61,"text":266},{"id":279,"depth":61,"text":280},"Technical definition and importance of accuracy and precision concepts, which are often confused in measurement systems.",{"tags":315},[316,317,318,250,319],"Accuracy","Precision","Measurement","Error Margin","/en/glossary/accuracy",{"title":260,"description":313},"en/glossary/accuracy","iPDX6lixL7cpvXIW3nuRhiGimCKw-TO-EkIGwpXeQ9A",{"id":325,"title":326,"body":327,"description":391,"extension":68,"meta":392,"navigation":76,"path":397,"seo":398,"stem":399,"__hash__":400},"en_glossary/en/glossary/llm-architecture.md","LLM Architecture: Transformer, Attention, Parameters",{"type":8,"value":328,"toc":383},[329,333,336,340,343,347,350,354,357,361,368,373],[11,330,332],{"id":331},"architecture-and-working-principle","Architecture and Working Principle",[16,334,335],{},"To understand how modern AI \"thinks,\" we need to look at its structural components.",[20,337,339],{"id":338},"transformer","Transformer",[16,341,342],{},"The architecture that forms the foundation of modern LLMs (GPT, Claude, Llama, etc.). It solves the relationships between words using the \"attention\" mechanism, allowing for parallel processing of data.",[20,344,346],{"id":345},"attention-mechanism","Attention Mechanism",[16,348,349],{},"The structure that allows the model to decide which words are most related to each other while processing a sentence. It enables the model to understand context and nuance (e.g., understanding \"bank\" based on \"river\" or \"money\").",[20,351,353],{"id":352},"parameters","Parameters",[16,355,356],{},"The \"units of knowledge\" a model learns during training. A model's parameter count (e.g., 70B - 70 Billion) is generally an indicator of its complexity and capacity to handle intricate tasks.",[20,358,360],{"id":359},"context-window","Context Window",[16,362,363,364,367],{},"The maximum amount of data (measured in ",[28,365,366],{},"tokens",") that a model can \"keep in mind\" at one time. A larger context window allows the model to process longer documents or conversation histories.",[369,370,372],"h4",{"id":371},"relevance-to-data-analysis","Relevance to Data Analysis",[16,374,375,376,382],{},"Understanding context windows is crucial when designing ",[28,377,378],{},[139,379,381],{"href":380},"/en/solutions/cloud-iot-data-collection","Cloud & IoT Solutions"," that utilize AI. If you want to analyze a month's worth of log data, the model must have a context window large enough to ingest that data, or the data must be summarized first.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":384},[385],{"id":331,"depth":61,"text":332,"children":386},[387,388,389,390],{"id":338,"depth":66,"text":339},{"id":345,"depth":66,"text":346},{"id":352,"depth":66,"text":353},{"id":359,"depth":66,"text":360},"Understanding the \"brain\" of AI: How Transformers, Attention Mechanisms, and Context Windows work.",{"tags":393},[394,339,346,395,396],"LLM","AI Architecture","Deep Learning","/en/glossary/llm-architecture",{"title":326,"description":391},"en/glossary/llm-architecture","rKOKWzaKySHun8H1dZKOCI9pGdmKJhclKoqxIB_WVDY",{"id":402,"title":403,"body":404,"description":491,"extension":68,"meta":492,"navigation":76,"path":495,"seo":496,"stem":497,"__hash__":498},"en_glossary/en/glossary/llm-processing.md","LLM Data Processing: Tokens, Embeddings, Temperature, Hallucination",{"type":8,"value":405,"toc":483},[406,410,413,416,419,423,426,438,442,445,459,463,466],[11,407,409],{"id":408},"data-processing-and-output-generation","Data Processing and Output Generation",[16,411,412],{},"These terms are frequently encountered during the interaction between the user and the model.",[20,414,415],{"id":366},"Tokens",[16,417,418],{},"Models read text not word-by-word, but in small chunks called \"tokens\". Generally, 1000 tokens equal approximately 750 words. This is the unit of currency for LLM compute.",[20,420,422],{"id":421},"embeddings","Embeddings",[16,424,425],{},"The conversion of words or sentences into numerical vectors that a computer can understand. Semantically similar words are positioned close to each other in this vector space.",[101,427,428],{},[36,429,430,433,434,437],{},[28,431,432],{},"Application",": Embeddings allow for \"Semantic Search\". Instead of keyword matching, you can find records based on meaning. This could be applied to search through historical alarm logs in a system like ",[28,435,436],{},"ZMA",".",[20,439,441],{"id":440},"temperature","Temperature",[16,443,444],{},"A setting that controls the creativity or randomness of the model's output.",[101,446,447,453],{},[36,448,449,452],{},[28,450,451],{},"Low (0.1)",": More consistent, logical, and deterministic. Better for code or technical data.",[36,454,455,458],{},[28,456,457],{},"High (0.8+)",": More creative and unexpected. Better for brainstorming.",[20,460,462],{"id":461},"hallucination","Hallucination",[16,464,465],{},"The situation where a model confidently fabricates information that is not true.",[101,467,468],{},[36,469,470,473,474,478,479,482],{},[28,471,472],{},"Warning",": In industrial settings, minimizing hallucination is critical. When interpreting sensor data from a ",[28,475,476],{},[139,477,142],{"href":141},", an AI system must be strictly grounded (often using ",[28,480,481],{},"RAG",") to avoid reporting false faults.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":484},[485],{"id":408,"depth":61,"text":409,"children":486},[487,488,489,490],{"id":366,"depth":66,"text":415},{"id":421,"depth":66,"text":422},{"id":440,"depth":66,"text":441},{"id":461,"depth":66,"text":462},"Key terms in how AI processes input and generates output: Tokens, Vector Embeddings, and managing Hallucinations.",{"tags":493},[394,415,422,441,462,494],"AI Processing","/en/glossary/llm-processing",{"title":403,"description":491},"en/glossary/llm-processing","Q-XJh2xRkPWf-sPov571DDMXb7myd7nGVgJCVsL3FrI",{"id":500,"title":501,"body":502,"description":579,"extension":68,"meta":580,"navigation":76,"path":584,"seo":585,"stem":586,"__hash__":587},"en_glossary/en/glossary/model-training-optimization.md","Model Training and Optimization: Pre-training, Fine-tuning, LoRA, Quantization",{"type":8,"value":503,"toc":571},[504,508,511,515,518,522,525,529,532,536,539,543,557],[11,505,507],{"id":506},"model-training-and-optimization","Model Training and Optimization",[16,509,510],{},"These terms describe the journey of a model from a raw state to a capable assistant, and how we make it efficient enough to run on various hardware.",[20,512,514],{"id":513},"pre-training","Pre-training",[16,516,517],{},"The initial stage where a model learns basic language capabilities and general knowledge from a massive dataset (almost the entire internet). It's like teaching a child to read and providing them with a general encyclopedia.",[20,519,521],{"id":520},"fine-tuning","Fine-tuning",[16,523,524],{},"The process of taking a pre-trained model and training it further on a smaller, specific dataset to improve performance in a specific task (e.g., medical advice or code generation).",[20,526,528],{"id":527},"lora-low-rank-adaptation","LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)",[16,530,531],{},"A technique that allows Fine-tuning to be performed with much less computational power. Instead of updating all parameters, LoRA updates only a small, specific part of the model network.",[20,533,535],{"id":534},"quantization","Quantization",[16,537,538],{},"The process of compressing a model's weights (parameters) to take up less space. For example, reducing 16-bit data to 4-bit allows the model to consume specific RAM.",[369,540,542],{"id":541},"industrial-relevance","Industrial Relevance",[16,544,545,546,548,549,552,553,556],{},"Techniques like ",[28,547,535],{}," and ",[28,550,551],{},"LoRA"," are critical for ",[28,554,555],{},"Edge AI",". They make it possible to run powerful models on constrained hardware.",[101,558,559],{},[36,560,561,564,565,570],{},[28,562,563],{},"Potential Application",": In the future, advanced devices similar to the ",[28,566,567],{},[139,568,569],{"href":306},"ZMA Data Acquisition"," could use quantized models to perform local anomaly detection without needing a constant cloud connection.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":572},[573],{"id":506,"depth":61,"text":507,"children":574},[575,576,577,578],{"id":513,"depth":66,"text":514},{"id":520,"depth":66,"text":521},{"id":527,"depth":66,"text":528},{"id":534,"depth":66,"text":535},"Key concepts in creating efficient AI models: From Pre-training on massive data to optimizing for edge devices with Quantization.",{"tags":581},[582,583,521,551,535,555],"AI","Model Training","/en/glossary/model-training-optimization",{"title":501,"description":579},"en/glossary/model-training-optimization","vRcdhMya07FZJHMH175LXpY8D5JtGLwoe3kBNeQLCMM",{"id":589,"title":590,"body":591,"description":666,"extension":68,"meta":667,"navigation":76,"path":672,"seo":673,"stem":674,"__hash__":675},"en_glossary/en/glossary/performance-characteristics.md","Performance Characteristics: Hysteresis, Drift, Linearity",{"type":8,"value":592,"toc":659},[593,597,606,610,613,620,624,627,646,650],[11,594,596],{"id":595},"performance-characteristics","Performance Characteristics",[16,598,599,600,605],{},"Beyond ",[28,601,602],{},[139,603,604],{"href":320},"Accuracy and Precision",", several other factors determine an instrument's quality.",[20,607,609],{"id":608},"hysteresis","Hysteresis",[16,611,612],{},"The phenomenon where a device shows different output values for the same input, depending on whether the input is increasing or decreasing.",[101,614,615],{},[36,616,617,619],{},[106,618,108],{},": A pressure sensor might read 50.1 bar when pressure rises to 50, but 50.3 bar when pressure falls back to 50 from 100. Low hysteresis is crucial for consistent control.",[20,621,623],{"id":622},"drift-stability","Drift (Stability)",[16,625,626],{},"The unwanted change in a measurement value over time while the measured quantity remains constant.",[101,628,629,635],{},[36,630,631,634],{},[28,632,633],{},"Temperature Drift",": Changes caused by ambient temperature fluctuations.",[36,636,637,640,641,645],{},[28,638,639],{},"Long-term Drift",": Gradual degradation of the sensor over months or years.\nHigh-quality devices like the ",[28,642,643],{},[139,644,307],{"href":306}," use temperature-compensated components to minimize drift.",[20,647,649],{"id":648},"linearity","Linearity",[16,651,652,653,658],{},"(Detailed in ",[28,654,655],{},[139,656,649],{"href":657},"/en/glossary/linearity","). It is the measure of how well the device's output follows a straight line relative to the input.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":660},[661],{"id":595,"depth":61,"text":596,"children":662},[663,664,665],{"id":608,"depth":66,"text":609},{"id":622,"depth":66,"text":623},{"id":648,"depth":66,"text":649},"Understanding instrument performance: Hysteresis effects and long-term Stability (Drift).",{"tags":668},[609,669,670,671,318],"Drift","Stability","Performance","/en/glossary/performance-characteristics",{"title":590,"description":666},"en/glossary/performance-characteristics","OKTPZ6Lu4rPvxQ0abdo7rLVyyi2YaujRMZB4E-L3BnY",{"id":677,"title":678,"body":679,"description":749,"extension":68,"meta":750,"navigation":76,"path":756,"seo":757,"stem":758,"__hash__":759},"en_glossary/en/glossary/resolution-vs-range.md","Relation Between Resolution and Full Scale Range",{"type":8,"value":680,"toc":744},[681,685,688,692,698,737],[11,682,684],{"id":683},"resolution-vs-range","Resolution vs Range",[16,686,687],{},"How many bits an ADC has (Resolution) determines how many parts it can divide the measurement range (Range) into.",[20,689,691],{"id":690},"lets-explain-with-an-example","Let's Explain with an Example",[16,693,694,695,437],{},"Suppose you have a sensor measuring between ",[28,696,697],{},"0 and 100 kg",[101,699,700,721],{},[36,701,702,705,706],{},[28,703,704],{},"12-Bit ADC",": Divides the range into 4096 parts.\n",[101,707,708,714],{},[36,709,710],{},[711,712,713],"code",{},"100 kg / 4096 = 0.024 kg (24 grams)",[36,715,716,717,720],{},"So this system ",[28,718,719],{},"cannot see"," changes lighter than 24 grams.",[36,722,723,726,727],{},[28,724,725],{},"24-Bit ADC (ZMA Series)",": Divides the range into 16.7 million parts.\n",[101,728,729,734],{},[36,730,731],{},[711,732,733],{},"100 kg / 16,777,216 = 0.000005 kg (0.005 grams)",[36,735,736],{},"So it can detect even a fly landing on it.",[16,738,739,740,743],{},"In high-capacity tanks or precision dosing operations, the only way to maintain a high \"Full Scale\" range without sacrificing precision is to switch to ",[28,741,742],{},"24-bit"," technology.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":745},[746],{"id":683,"depth":61,"text":684,"children":747},[748],{"id":690,"depth":66,"text":691},"The mathematics of how bit depth (12-bit, 24-bit) affects the smallest value you can measure.",{"tags":751},[752,753,754,755,317],"Resolution","Full Scale","Range","Bit Depth","/en/glossary/resolution-vs-range",{"title":678,"description":749},"en/glossary/resolution-vs-range","O62qm0ZrOT7jDNuJ3-nyqW0rmYs-2N79P2DZGD4XU3o",{"id":761,"title":762,"body":763,"description":855,"extension":68,"meta":856,"navigation":76,"path":861,"seo":862,"stem":863,"__hash__":864},"en_glossary/en/glossary/signal-conditioning.md","Signal Conditioning and Isolation",{"type":8,"value":764,"toc":849},[765,769,779,783,786,812,816,819],[11,766,768],{"id":767},"signal-processing-and-daq","Signal Processing and DAQ",[16,770,771,772,778],{},"Before an ",[28,773,774],{},[139,775,777],{"href":776},"/en/glossary/adc","ADC"," can digitize a signal, it often needs preparation.",[20,780,782],{"id":781},"signal-conditioning","Signal Conditioning",[16,784,785],{},"The process of manipulating an analog signal to make it suitable for a digitizer.",[33,787,788,794,806],{},[36,789,790,793],{},[28,791,792],{},"Amplification",": Boosting weak signals (e.g., mV from a loadcell) to readable levels (e.g., 0-5V).",[36,795,796,799,800,437],{},[28,797,798],{},"Filtering",": Removing high-frequency ",[28,801,802],{},[139,803,805],{"href":804},"/en/glossary/noise","Noise",[36,807,808,811],{},[28,809,810],{},"Linearization",": Correcting non-linear sensor outputs.",[20,813,815],{"id":814},"isolation-galvanic-isolation","Isolation (Galvanic Isolation)",[16,817,818],{},"An electrical barrier that separates the measurement circuit from the main power or communication lines.",[101,820,821,839],{},[36,822,823,826,827],{},[28,824,825],{},"Purpose",":\n",[101,828,829,832],{},[36,830,831],{},"Protects the sensitive DAQ equipment from high voltage surges.",[36,833,834,835,838],{},"Prevents ",[28,836,837],{},"Ground Loops",", which cause significant measurement errors in industrial environments.",[36,840,841,844,845,848],{},[28,842,843],{},"Note",": All ",[28,846,847],{},"Amazeng"," DAQ products feature high-grade galvanic isolation to ensure reliability in harsh factory conditions.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":850},[851],{"id":767,"depth":61,"text":768,"children":852},[853,854],{"id":781,"depth":66,"text":782},{"id":814,"depth":66,"text":815},"Preparing analog signals for the digital world: Amplification, Filtering, and Electrical Isolation.",{"tags":857},[782,858,798,859,860],"Isolation","DAQ","Electronics","/en/glossary/signal-conditioning",{"title":762,"description":855},"en/glossary/signal-conditioning","y3QxlWSaj1YnrusrdDSn3rUQOroEkA9JMPkQMgmm-Sc",{"id":866,"title":867,"body":868,"description":982,"extension":68,"meta":983,"navigation":76,"path":988,"seo":989,"stem":990,"__hash__":991},"en_glossary/en/glossary/weighing-terminology.md","Weight and Force Measurement Terminology",{"type":8,"value":869,"toc":967},[870,873,877,881,884,888,895,899,906,910,913,917,921,927,931,942,946,949,951,954,958],[16,871,872],{},"Understanding the fundamental terms used in industrial weighing and force measurement systems is critical for defining measurement accuracy and system performance. Below are the basic definitions in accordance with OIML (International Organization of Legal Metrology) standards.",[11,874,876],{"id":875},"load-cell-terms","Load Cell Terms",[20,878,880],{"id":879},"maximum-capacity-emax","Maximum Capacity (Emax)",[16,882,883],{},"The maximum load value that the load cell is designed to measure while remaining within specified error limits. In system design, this value should be calculated with a 20-50% safety margin.",[20,885,887],{"id":886},"sensitivity-rated-output","Sensitivity (Rated Output)",[16,889,890,891,894],{},"The output signal per unit of excitation voltage measured at maximum capacity. It is typically expressed in ",[28,892,893],{},"mV/V"," (millivolts per volt). Standard values are 2mV/V or 3mV/V.",[20,896,898],{"id":897},"vmin-minimum-load-cell-verification-interval","Vmin (Minimum Load Cell Verification Interval)",[16,900,901,902,905],{},"The smallest load value that can be distinguished by the load cell. It is calculated using the ",[711,903,904],{},"Emax / Y"," formula. A higher 'Y' value indicates higher resolution capabilities.",[20,907,909],{"id":908},"creep","Creep",[16,911,912],{},"The change in output signal occurring over time while under a constant load. Typically measured over a 30-minute period. Low creep is essential for long-term static weighing applications.",[11,914,916],{"id":915},"weighing-system-terms","Weighing System Terms",[20,918,920],{"id":919},"division-d-actual-scale-interval","Division (d - Actual Scale Interval)",[16,922,923,924,437],{},"The value of the smallest weight difference visible on the digital display. For instance, if a scale increments as 0, 5, 10, 15g, the division is ",[711,925,926],{},"d=5g",[20,928,930],{"id":929},"verification-interval-e-verification-scale-interval","Verification Interval (e - Verification Scale Interval)",[16,932,933,934,937,938,941],{},"The value used for the classification of a scale (e.g., Class III) in legal metrology. Often configured as ",[711,935,936],{},"e=d"," or ",[711,939,940],{},"e=10d"," in commercial applications.",[20,943,945],{"id":944},"zero-stability","Zero Stability",[16,947,948],{},"The ability of the scale to maintain its zero point despite environmental factors (temperature, humidity) when no load is applied.",[20,950,609],{"id":608},[16,952,953],{},"The difference in output at the same load between increasing and decreasing directions (loading and unloading).",[20,955,957],{"id":956},"stabilization-time","Stabilization Time",[16,959,960,961,966],{},"The time required for the display (or data) to become stable after a load is applied. In high-speed devices like the ",[28,962,963],{},[139,964,307],{"href":965},"/urunler/zma-data-acquisition",", this time is in the millisecond range.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":968},[969,975],{"id":875,"depth":61,"text":876,"children":970},[971,972,973,974],{"id":879,"depth":66,"text":880},{"id":886,"depth":66,"text":887},{"id":897,"depth":66,"text":898},{"id":908,"depth":66,"text":909},{"id":915,"depth":61,"text":916,"children":976},[977,978,979,980,981],{"id":919,"depth":66,"text":920},{"id":929,"depth":66,"text":930},{"id":944,"depth":66,"text":945},{"id":608,"depth":66,"text":609},{"id":956,"depth":66,"text":957},"Essential technical terms and OIML standards used in load cells and industrial weighing systems.",{"tags":984},[251,985,986,170,987],"Weighing","OIML","Terminology","/en/glossary/weighing-terminology",{"title":867,"description":982},"en/glossary/weighing-terminology","l5tdZ7cU6h2wkTK8iS5unr3N5C5kQacR5a7w8yy6BOI",{"id":993,"title":994,"body":995,"description":1063,"extension":68,"meta":1064,"navigation":76,"path":1071,"seo":1072,"stem":1073,"__hash__":1074},"en_glossary/en/glossary/digital-filters.md","What are Digital Filters? (Moving Average, Butterworth, Kalman)",{"type":8,"value":996,"toc":1058},[997,1001,1004,1008,1012,1019,1036,1040,1043,1047,1050],[11,998,1000],{"id":999},"what-are-digital-filters","What are Digital Filters?",[16,1002,1003],{},"Digital filters are mathematical algorithms used to remove unwanted components (noise, interference) from a signal after it has been digitized (post-ADC).",[20,1005,1007],{"id":1006},"common-filter-types","Common Filter Types",[369,1009,1011],{"id":1010},"_1-moving-average","1. Moving Average",[16,1013,1014,1015,1018],{},"The simplest and most common filter. It takes the average of the last ",[711,1016,1017],{},"N"," measurements.",[101,1020,1021,1027],{},[36,1022,1023,1026],{},[28,1024,1025],{},"Pro",": Excellent at suppressing random noise (white noise).",[36,1028,1029,1032,1033,1035],{},[28,1030,1031],{},"Con",": As ",[711,1034,1017],{}," increases, the system's response time slows down. It creates lag in fast-changing signals.",[369,1037,1039],{"id":1038},"_2-butterworth-low-pass","2. Butterworth (Low Pass)",[16,1041,1042],{},"Used to cut off all vibrations above a certain frequency. Since its frequency response is \"flat\", it cleans high-frequency interference without distorting the signal's original character.",[369,1044,1046],{"id":1045},"_3-kalman-filter","3. Kalman Filter",[16,1048,1049],{},"It doesn't just look at the current measurement; it predicts \"what the next value should be\" based on the system's physical model. It finds the most accurate result by weighting the difference between the measurement and the prediction.",[16,1051,301,1052,1057],{},[28,1053,1054],{},[139,1055,1056],{"href":141},"GDT and ZMA Series"," feature multi-stage adaptive digital filters adjustable by the user.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1059},[1060],{"id":999,"depth":61,"text":1000,"children":1061},[1062],{"id":1006,"depth":66,"text":1007},"Digital signal processing techniques used to clean noisy signals and their applications.",{"tags":1065},[1066,1067,1068,1069,1070],"Digital Filter","Moving Average","Butterworth","Signal Processing","DSP","/en/glossary/digital-filters",{"title":994,"description":1063},"en/glossary/digital-filters","q6q2ZA1x2z2Tz0zP6Qdwnh5vG-SMfT8IkMo8lqKLnOQ",{"id":1076,"title":1077,"body":1078,"description":1149,"extension":68,"meta":1150,"navigation":76,"path":1156,"seo":1157,"stem":1158,"__hash__":1159},"en_glossary/en/glossary/embedded-systems.md","What are Embedded Systems?",{"type":8,"value":1079,"toc":1143},[1080,1084,1091,1095,1119,1123,1126],[11,1081,1083],{"id":1082},"what-is-an-embedded-system","What is an Embedded System?",[16,1085,1086,1087,1090],{},"An ",[28,1088,1089],{},"Embedded System"," is a computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.",[20,1092,1094],{"id":1093},"key-components","Key Components",[101,1096,1097,1103,1113],{},[36,1098,1099,1102],{},[28,1100,1101],{},"Microcontroller (MCU)",": The \"brain\" of the system.",[36,1104,1105,1108,1109,1112],{},[28,1106,1107],{},"RTOS (Real-Time Operating System)",": Ensures critical tasks are processed within strict timing constraints (e.g., ",[28,1110,1111],{},"Zephyr RTOS",").",[36,1114,1115,1118],{},[28,1116,1117],{},"Peripherals",": ADC, DAC, communication interfaces like Modbus or CAN.",[20,1120,1122],{"id":1121},"industrial-importance","Industrial Importance",[16,1124,1125],{},"Almost every modern industrial device is an embedded system. They provide the reliability and speed required for:",[101,1127,1128,1137,1140],{},[36,1129,1130,1131,437],{},"Precision control in ",[28,1132,1133],{},[139,1134,1136],{"href":1135},"/en/solutions/hmi-industrial-display-solutions","HMI Solutions",[36,1138,1139],{},"High-speed signal processing in data acquisition devices.",[36,1141,1142],{},"Converting analog sensor signals to digital data in transmitters.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1144},[1145],{"id":1082,"depth":61,"text":1083,"children":1146},[1147,1148],{"id":1093,"depth":66,"text":1094},{"id":1121,"depth":66,"text":1122},"Definition of embedded systems, microcontrollers, RTOS, and their improved role in modern industrial electronics.",{"tags":1151},[1152,1153,1154,1155,860],"Embedded Systems","Microcontroller","RTOS","Firmware","/en/glossary/embedded-systems",{"title":1077,"description":1149},"en/glossary/embedded-systems","Ni9b1UdD2H8pJsr7HDYwdVG1RILvulFIaxYL9v3PE60",{"id":1161,"title":1162,"body":1163,"description":1205,"extension":68,"meta":1206,"navigation":76,"path":1213,"seo":1214,"stem":1215,"__hash__":1216},"en_glossary/en/glossary/lora-lorawan.md","What are LoRa and LoRaWAN?",{"type":8,"value":1164,"toc":1200},[1165,1169,1172,1176,1183,1197],[11,1166,1168],{"id":1167},"what-is-lora-long-range","What is LoRa (Long Range)?",[16,1170,1171],{},"LoRa is a physical layer technology that uses radio waves (like FM radio but more advanced) to communicate over very long distances with very low power. It can reach ranges of 2-5 km in urban areas and up to 15 km in open fields.",[20,1173,1175],{"id":1174},"what-is-lorawan","What is LoRaWAN?",[16,1177,1178,1179,1182],{},"LoRaWAN is the ",[28,1180,1181],{},"communication protocol"," that defines how LoRa chips talk on a network. Just like WiFi defines the rules for connecting to the internet.",[101,1184,1185,1191],{},[36,1186,1187,1190],{},[28,1188,1189],{},"Advantage",": You can receive data from a sensor for 5-10 years without changing the battery.",[36,1192,1193,1196],{},[28,1194,1195],{},"Disadvantage",": Data speed is very low. Suitable only for small data like temperature or water meter indexes. Video or voice cannot be sent.",[16,1198,1199],{},"Amazeng offers LoRa-based wireless sensor solutions for agriculture and irrigation projects spread over large areas.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1201},[1202],{"id":1167,"depth":61,"text":1168,"children":1203},[1204],{"id":1174,"depth":66,"text":1175},"Wireless technology enabling data transmission over kilometers with low power consumption.",{"tags":1207},[1208,1209,1210,1211,1212],"LoRa","LoRaWAN","Wireless","Long Range","LPWAN","/en/glossary/lora-lorawan",{"title":1162,"description":1205},"en/glossary/lora-lorawan","NT7P3mKSdlR5vwGa8S25tg0ziuPEpIOJorL6pLlvFjo",{"id":1218,"title":1219,"body":1220,"description":1266,"extension":68,"meta":1267,"navigation":76,"path":1272,"seo":1273,"stem":1274,"__hash__":1275},"en_glossary/en/glossary/4-20ma-loop.md","What is 4-20mA Current Loop?",{"type":8,"value":1221,"toc":1261},[1222,1226,1229,1243,1247,1250,1253],[11,1223,1225],{"id":1224},"what-is-a-4-20ma-current-loop","What is a 4-20mA Current Loop?",[16,1227,1228],{},"4-20mA (Current Loop) is an analog signal standard that uses electric current instead of voltage to transmit sensor data. It has been a staple of the industry since the 1950s and can be considered the \"English of automation\".",[101,1230,1231,1237],{},[36,1232,1233,1236],{},[28,1234,1235],{},"4mA",": Represents the lowest value of the measurement range (0%) (Not zero, but \"live zero\").",[36,1238,1239,1242],{},[28,1240,1241],{},"20mA",": Represents the highest value of the measurement range (100%).",[20,1244,1246],{"id":1245},"why-4-20ma-instead-of-0-10v","Why 4-20mA instead of 0-10V?",[16,1248,1249],{},"Voltage signals (0-10V) suffer from voltage drop over long distances due to cable resistance. For example, a signal leaving the source as 10V might drop to 9.5V after 100 meters, resulting in a huge 5% measurement error.",[16,1251,1252],{},"Current signals, however, are constant throughout the loop according to Kirchhoff's law. Whether the cable is 1 meter or 1000 meters, 4mA is 4mA at every point. additionally, the 4mA level is used as \"live zero\"; meaning if the wire breaks, the current drops to 0mA, and the system immediately recognizes a fault (wire break).",[16,1254,301,1255,1260],{},[28,1256,1257],{},[139,1258,1259],{"href":141},"GDT Digital Transmitters"," can read 4-20mA sensors and convert them to digital data, or operate as a 4-20mA output simulator themselves.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1262},[1263],{"id":1224,"depth":61,"text":1225,"children":1264},[1265],{"id":1245,"depth":66,"text":1246},"Working principle of 4-20mA, the most common analog signal standard in industrial automation, and its advantages over 0-10V.",{"tags":1268},[126,1269,1270,175,1271],"Analog Signal","Current Loop","Sensor","/en/glossary/4-20ma-loop",{"title":1219,"description":1266},"en/glossary/4-20ma-loop","L7NuPbTo0M7wXvRROJcGKmmSHZAQBju8xSMmoHrpUNQ",{"id":1277,"title":1278,"body":1279,"description":1349,"extension":68,"meta":1350,"navigation":76,"path":776,"seo":1354,"stem":1355,"__hash__":1356},"en_glossary/en/glossary/adc.md","What is ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)?",{"type":8,"value":1280,"toc":1344},[1281,1285,1288,1292,1295,1332],[11,1282,1284],{"id":1283},"what-is-an-adc","What is an ADC?",[16,1286,1287],{},"An ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) is an electronic component that converts continuous (analog) signals from the real world (temperature, pressure, sound, voltage) into discrete (digital) numbers (0s and 1s) that computers and processors can understand. A microprocessor can only \"see\" the outside world through an ADC.",[20,1289,1291],{"id":1290},"how-it-works","How It Works",[16,1293,1294],{},"The ADC samples the analog signal at specific intervals and assigns a numerical value to each sample (quantization). The quality of this process is determined by two main factors:",[33,1296,1297,1326],{},[36,1298,1299,1302,1303],{},[28,1300,1301],{},"Resolution (Bit Depth)",": Indicates how many distinct levels the ADC can divide the signal into.",[101,1304,1305,1311,1317],{},[36,1306,1307,1310],{},[28,1308,1309],{},"12-bit ADC",": Divides the signal into 4096 parts.",[36,1312,1313,1316],{},[28,1314,1315],{},"24-bit ADC",": Divides the signal into 16.7 million parts.",[36,1318,1319,1322,1323,1325],{},[106,1320,1321],{},"Amazeng Note",": In industrial precision weighing and measurement, ",[28,1324,742],{}," is the standard. Low resolution causes small changes (e.g., a 10-gram change in a tank) to go unnoticed.",[36,1327,1328,1331],{},[28,1329,1330],{},"Sampling Rate",": How many times the signal is read per second. Higher speeds increase the chance of capturing sudden changes.",[16,1333,1334,1335,1339,1340,1343],{},"Our ",[28,1336,1337],{},[139,1338,569],{"href":306}," modules utilize ultra-low noise ",[28,1341,1342],{},"24-bit Delta-Sigma ADC"," technology to achieve laboratory-quality measurements.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1345},[1346],{"id":1283,"depth":61,"text":1284,"children":1347},[1348],{"id":1290,"depth":66,"text":1291},"Conversion of analog signals to digital data, the concept of resolution (bit depth), and its critical role in industrial measurement.",{"tags":1351},[777,1352,1069,752,1353],"Converter","Data Acquisition",{"title":1278,"description":1349},"en/glossary/adc","P7pvbG9ZNnJiwoqPeLaQ2jHYv4ePWLlZfEnAUd1Hnsg",{"id":1358,"title":1359,"body":1360,"description":1421,"extension":68,"meta":1422,"navigation":76,"path":1427,"seo":1428,"stem":1429,"__hash__":1430},"en_glossary/en/glossary/ai-inference.md","What is AI Inference?",{"type":8,"value":1361,"toc":1415},[1362,1366,1371,1375,1388,1392,1395],[11,1363,1365],{"id":1364},"inference","Inference",[16,1367,1368,1370],{},[28,1369,1365],{}," is the process where a trained model is put into a live environment to respond to user questions or process data. It is the \"run-time\" phase of AI.",[20,1372,1374],{"id":1373},"training-vs-inference","Training vs. Inference",[101,1376,1377,1383],{},[36,1378,1379,1382],{},[28,1380,1381],{},"Training",": Compute-intensive, takes days/months, uses massive datasets. Teaches the model.",[36,1384,1385,1387],{},[28,1386,1365],{},": Fast, happens in milliseconds/seconds, processes one input at a time. Uses what the model learned.",[20,1389,1391],{"id":1390},"edge-inference","Edge Inference",[16,1393,1394],{},"Running inference directly on a local device (Edge AI) rather than in the cloud is a major trend.",[101,1396,1397,1403],{},[36,1398,1399,1402],{},[28,1400,1401],{},"Benefit",": Reduced latency and increased privacy.",[36,1404,1405,1408,1409,1414],{},[28,1406,1407],{},"Future Vision",": We aim to explore Edge Inference capabilities in future versions of our ",[28,1410,1411],{},[139,1412,1413],{"href":306},"Data Acquisition products",", allowing them to make intelligent decisions locally even when offline.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1416},[1417],{"id":1364,"depth":61,"text":1365,"children":1418},[1419,1420],{"id":1373,"depth":66,"text":1374},{"id":1390,"depth":66,"text":1391},"The process of a trained AI model making predictions or decisions based on live data.",{"tags":1423},[1365,582,1424,1425,1426],"Edge Computing","Deployment","Real-time","/en/glossary/ai-inference",{"title":1359,"description":1421},"en/glossary/ai-inference","U5UTkOqovFzpreoMMLF9eA44zkiHKkGerTJnaeWGbPM",{"id":1432,"title":1433,"body":1434,"description":1474,"extension":68,"meta":1475,"navigation":76,"path":1480,"seo":1481,"stem":1482,"__hash__":1483},"en_glossary/en/glossary/aliasing.md","What is Aliasing?",{"type":8,"value":1435,"toc":1469},[1436,1439,1442,1446,1457,1462],[11,1437,1433],{"id":1438},"what-is-aliasing",[16,1440,1441],{},"Aliasing is an error in digital signal processing where a signal appears to be completely different (lower frequency) than it actually is because it was sampled too slowly. The \"wagon-wheel effect\" in movies, where car wheels appear to spin backwards, is a visual example of aliasing.",[20,1443,1445],{"id":1444},"technical-explanation","Technical Explanation",[16,1447,1448,1449,1452,1453,1456],{},"According to the ",[28,1450,1451],{},"Nyquist Theorem",", to measure a signal correctly, you must sample at a rate ",[28,1454,1455],{},"at least twice"," the highest frequency of that signal.",[101,1458,1459],{},[36,1460,1461],{},"If you sample a 50Hz vibration at 60Hz, you will see a \"ghost\" signal at 10Hz. This signal does not exist in reality; it is a mathematical error.",[16,1463,1464,1468],{},[28,1465,1466],{},[139,1467,569],{"href":306}," modules have a sampling rate of 1000Hz (1kHz). This allows you to safely capture dynamic events and vibrations up to 500Hz without falling victim to aliasing errors.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1470},[1471],{"id":1438,"depth":61,"text":1433,"children":1472},[1473],{"id":1444,"depth":66,"text":1445},"The aliasing problem caused by insufficient sampling rate in data acquisition and the Nyquist theorem.",{"tags":1476},[1477,1478,1479,1069,777],"Aliasing","Nyquist","Sampling","/en/glossary/aliasing",{"title":1433,"description":1474},"en/glossary/aliasing","PxTM1hV-xyzZj9IrYcv1wWd6asHKsbK9-uXOMmzfThM",{"id":1485,"title":1486,"body":1487,"description":1519,"extension":68,"meta":1520,"navigation":76,"path":1527,"seo":1528,"stem":1529,"__hash__":1530},"en_glossary/en/glossary/cc-link.md","What is CC-Link? (Control & Communication Link)",{"type":8,"value":1488,"toc":1514},[1489,1493,1496,1500,1503,1511],[11,1490,1492],{"id":1491},"what-is-cc-link","What is CC-Link?",[16,1494,1495],{},"CC-Link (Control & Communication Link) is an open network technology initiated by Mitsubishi Electric but now supported by thousands of companies via the \"CLPA\" organization. It is the standard particularly in the automotive sector and Asian-origin machinery parks.",[20,1497,1499],{"id":1498},"cc-link-ie-tsn-time-sensitive-network","CC-Link IE TSN (Time Sensitive Network)",[16,1501,1502],{},"The newest version of CC-Link is the world's first industrial Ethernet protocol to use \"Time Sensitive Network (TSN)\" technology.",[101,1504,1505],{},[36,1506,1507,1510],{},[28,1508,1509],{},"What is TSN?",": It is the ability to carry both machine control data (critical) and camera footage (large bandwidth) over the same cable without collision, prioritized strictly by importance.",[16,1512,1513],{},"Amazeng engineers facilitate global integration by providing specialized signal converter solutions for factories with CC-Link infrastructure.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1515},[1516],{"id":1491,"depth":61,"text":1492,"children":1517},[1518],{"id":1498,"depth":66,"text":1499},"The open industrial network developed primarily by Mitsubishi Electric, dominant in the Asian market.",{"tags":1521},[1522,1523,1524,1525,1526],"CC-Link","Mitsubishi","Fieldbus","IE TSN","Automation Network","/en/glossary/cc-link",{"title":1486,"description":1519},"en/glossary/cc-link","BD0Yw-vETtmYmBybs_yR7Vw0fPP7lU6OhkT8kWCkEHk",{"id":1532,"title":1533,"body":1534,"description":1585,"extension":68,"meta":1586,"navigation":76,"path":1591,"seo":1592,"stem":1593,"__hash__":1594},"en_glossary/en/glossary/deep-learning.md","What is Deep Learning?",{"type":8,"value":1535,"toc":1579},[1536,1539,1544,1548,1551,1555],[11,1537,1533],{"id":1538},"what-is-deep-learning",[16,1540,1541,1543],{},[28,1542,396],{}," is a subset of machine learning based on artificial neural networks with multiple layers (hence \"deep\"). These networks attempt to simulate the behavior of the human brain to learn from large amounts of data.",[20,1545,1547],{"id":1546},"difference-from-traditional-algorithms","Difference from Traditional algorithms",[16,1549,1550],{},"Unlike traditional algorithms where rules are manually coded, deep learning models learn features directly from data.",[20,1552,1554],{"id":1553},"use-cases-in-industry","Use Cases in Industry",[101,1556,1557,1563,1569],{},[36,1558,1559,1562],{},[28,1560,1561],{},"Visual Inspection",": Detecting defects in products using camera feeds with high accuracy.",[36,1564,1565,1568],{},[28,1566,1567],{},"Predictive Maintenance",": analyzing vibration or sound data patterns to predict specific component failures before they happen.",[36,1570,1571,1573,1574,1578],{},[28,1572,1069],{},": Cleaning noisy sensor data in advanced devices like the ",[28,1575,1576],{},[139,1577,569],{"href":306}," system, identifying complex signal patterns that simple filters miss.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1580},[1581],{"id":1538,"depth":61,"text":1533,"children":1582},[1583,1584],{"id":1546,"depth":66,"text":1547},{"id":1553,"depth":66,"text":1554},"Understanding Deep Learning, neural networks, and their role in advanced industrial anomaly detection and vision systems.",{"tags":1587},[396,582,1588,1589,1590],"Machine Learning","Neural Networks","Anomaly Detection","/en/glossary/deep-learning",{"title":1533,"description":1585},"en/glossary/deep-learning","a3sI5oIis-oEf-IWAx7Rd4L64EDglatR-DjbHKOL8dU",{"id":1596,"title":1597,"body":1598,"description":1649,"extension":68,"meta":1650,"navigation":76,"path":1654,"seo":1655,"stem":1656,"__hash__":1657},"en_glossary/en/glossary/hart-protocol.md","What is HART Protocol?",{"type":8,"value":1599,"toc":1643},[1600,1604,1610,1613,1622,1636,1640],[11,1601,1603],{"id":1602},"hart-highway-addressable-remote-transducer","HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer)",[16,1605,1606,1609],{},[28,1607,1608],{},"HART"," is a hybrid communication protocol widely used in the process industry.",[20,1611,1612],{"id":1290},"How it Works",[16,1614,1615,1616,1621],{},"It superimposes a digital signal on top of the standard ",[28,1617,1618],{},[139,1619,1620],{"href":1272},"4-20 mA"," analog current loop.",[101,1623,1624,1630],{},[36,1625,1626,1629],{},[28,1627,1628],{},"Analog",": The 4-20 mA signal carries the primary process variable (e.g., Temperature) in real-time.",[36,1631,1632,1635],{},[28,1633,1634],{},"Digital",": The digital signal (FSK) carries additional data like device status, diagnostics, and configuration parameters without interfering with the analog signal.",[20,1637,1639],{"id":1638},"advantages","Advantages",[16,1641,1642],{},"It allows technicians to configure \"smart\" instruments remotely using a handheld communicator, while still compatible with legacy analog control systems.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1644},[1645],{"id":1602,"depth":61,"text":1603,"children":1646},[1647,1648],{"id":1290,"depth":66,"text":1612},{"id":1638,"depth":66,"text":1639},"Highway Addressable Remote Transducer: Mixing analog simplicity with digital intelligence.",{"tags":1651},[1608,1652,1653,126,174],"Communication","Protocol","/en/glossary/hart-protocol",{"title":1597,"description":1649},"en/glossary/hart-protocol","nlOcqAZHfDiMwx-CWXuito2mZtD1faM-gcfQsCijDhU",{"id":1659,"title":1660,"body":1661,"description":1723,"extension":68,"meta":1724,"navigation":76,"path":1727,"seo":1728,"stem":1729,"__hash__":1730},"en_glossary/en/glossary/instrumentation.md","What is Instrumentation?",{"type":8,"value":1662,"toc":1717},[1663,1666,1671,1675,1704,1708],[11,1664,1660],{"id":1665},"what-is-instrumentation",[16,1667,1668,1670],{},[28,1669,174],{}," is the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production or manufacturing area. It involves the use of various instruments to monitor and maintain parameters like pressure, temperature, flow, level, and force.",[20,1672,1674],{"id":1673},"the-measurement-chain","The Measurement Chain",[33,1676,1677,1683,1692,1698],{},[36,1678,1679,1682],{},[28,1680,1681],{},"Sensor/Transducer",": Detects the physical quantity (e.g., Loadcell, Thermocouple).",[36,1684,1685,1687,1688,437],{},[28,1686,172],{},": Converts the sensor's weak signal into a standard industrial signal (e.g., 4-20mA, Modbus). Example: ",[28,1689,1690],{},[139,1691,142],{"href":141},[36,1693,1694,1697],{},[28,1695,1696],{},"Controller",": Processes the signal and makes decisions (e.g., PLC, PID Controller).",[36,1699,1700,1703],{},[28,1701,1702],{},"Final Control Element",": Actuators, valves, or motors that physically change the process.",[20,1705,1707],{"id":1706},"modern-instrumentation","Modern Instrumentation",[16,1709,1710,1711,548,1714,1716],{},"Modern instrumentation is moving from analog to digital, utilizing ",[28,1712,1713],{},"IoT",[28,1715,1152],{}," to provide not just data, but actionable insights, self-diagnostics, and remote connectivity.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1718},[1719],{"id":1665,"depth":61,"text":1660,"children":1720},[1721,1722],{"id":1673,"depth":66,"text":1674},{"id":1706,"depth":66,"text":1707},"The science of measurement and control. Covering sensors, transmitters, and controllers in industrial processes.",{"tags":1725},[174,318,1726,250,175],"Control","/en/glossary/instrumentation",{"title":1660,"description":1723},"en/glossary/instrumentation","qa-1LdetlCd4jqzWr4HxSprQ6Qy4adY6e-FnAGNQndA",{"id":1732,"title":1733,"body":1734,"description":1791,"extension":68,"meta":1792,"navigation":76,"path":1797,"seo":1798,"stem":1799,"__hash__":1800},"en_glossary/en/glossary/iot.md","What is IoT (Industrial Internet of Things)?",{"type":8,"value":1735,"toc":1786},[1736,1740,1747,1751,1754,1773],[11,1737,1739],{"id":1738},"what-is-iot","What is IoT?",[16,1741,1742,1743,1746],{},"IoT (Internet of Things) refers to physical devices connecting to the internet to exchange data. Its industrial version, ",[28,1744,1745],{},"IIoT (Industrial IoT)",", is when sensors, motors, and robots in a factory talk to each other and cloud systems over a network.",[20,1748,1750],{"id":1749},"why-is-it-important","Why is it Important?",[16,1752,1753],{},"In the past, data stayed on the operator panel right in front of the machine. With IoT:",[33,1755,1756,1762,1767],{},[36,1757,1758,1761],{},[28,1759,1760],{},"Remote Monitoring",": You can monitor your factory from your mobile phone.",[36,1763,1764,1766],{},[28,1765,1567],{},": A motor's vibration data is sent to the cloud, and AI warns \"Bearing will fail in 2 weeks\".",[36,1768,1769,1772],{},[28,1770,1771],{},"Energy Efficiency",": The entire facility's energy consumption can be analyzed instantly for optimization.",[16,1774,301,1775,548,1780,1785],{},[28,1776,1777],{},[139,1778,1779],{"href":141},"GDT Modbus Transmitters",[28,1781,1782],{},[139,1783,1784],{"href":306},"ZMA Modules"," are perfect edge devices for transmitting collected data to the cloud via gateways.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1787},[1788],{"id":1738,"depth":61,"text":1739,"children":1789},[1790],{"id":1749,"depth":66,"text":1750},"Connecting sensors to the internet, big data collection, and the role of cloud-based analytics in manufacturing.",{"tags":1793},[1713,1794,1795,1353,1796],"IIoT","Cloud","Industry 4.0","/en/glossary/iot",{"title":1733,"description":1791},"en/glossary/iot","TrT-j2Igyr20ByfZU_FNw3CAiUylj17XVusER61Yn98",{"id":1802,"title":1803,"body":1804,"description":1848,"extension":68,"meta":1849,"navigation":76,"path":657,"seo":1854,"stem":1855,"__hash__":1856},"en_glossary/en/glossary/linearity.md","What is Linearity Error?",{"type":8,"value":1805,"toc":1843},[1806,1810,1813,1824,1831,1835],[11,1807,1809],{"id":1808},"what-is-linearity","What is Linearity?",[16,1811,1812],{},"In an ideal sensor, as the input increases, the output should increase proportionally (Linear Relationship).",[101,1814,1815,1818,1821],{},[36,1816,1817],{},"0 kg load -> 0 mV",[36,1819,1820],{},"50 kg load -> 5 mV",[36,1822,1823],{},"100 kg load -> 10 mV expected.",[16,1825,1826,1827,1830],{},"If the sensor outputs 4.8 mV instead of 5 mV at 50 kg load, there is a ",[28,1828,1829],{},"linearity error",". The sensor's response is not a straight line, but a slightly curved one.",[20,1832,1834],{"id":1833},"solution","Solution",[16,1836,1837,1838,1842],{},"Low-quality sensors have high linearity errors. Amazeng ",[28,1839,1840],{},[139,1841,1259],{"href":141}," mathematically correct this curvature in the sensor using multi-point calibration, minimizing the error.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1844},[1845],{"id":1808,"depth":61,"text":1809,"children":1846},[1847],{"id":1833,"depth":66,"text":1834},"Deviations in the input-output curve of sensors and the impact of \"Non-Linearity\" on measurement reliability.",{"tags":1850},[649,1851,1852,250,1853],"Non-Linearity","Sensor Error","Curve",{"title":1803,"description":1848},"en/glossary/linearity","V4oAqQcg00ASmYt1l6xmWMUTDqM2EcKsivhi30kykCI",{"id":1858,"title":1859,"body":1860,"description":1908,"extension":68,"meta":1909,"navigation":76,"path":1913,"seo":1914,"stem":1915,"__hash__":1916},"en_glossary/en/glossary/mqtt.md","What is MQTT Protocol?",{"type":8,"value":1861,"toc":1903},[1862,1866,1873,1877,1880,1900],[11,1863,1865],{"id":1864},"what-is-mqtt","What is MQTT?",[16,1867,1868,1869,1872],{},"MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is an ",[28,1870,1871],{},"ultra-lightweight"," messaging protocol designed for networks with limited bandwidth or unstable connections. It was originally developed to monitor oil pipelines via satellite.",[20,1874,1876],{"id":1875},"publishsubscribe","Publish/Subscribe",[16,1878,1879],{},"Unlike the \"Request-Response\" (Master/Slave) structure in Modbus, devices in MQTT do not need to know each other.",[33,1881,1882,1888,1894],{},[36,1883,1884,1887],{},[28,1885,1886],{},"Broker",": The postman in the middle (Server).",[36,1889,1890,1893],{},[28,1891,1892],{},"Publisher",": The device sending data (e.g., Amazeng ZMA Card). Says \"I am sending temperature data\".",[36,1895,1896,1899],{},[28,1897,1898],{},"Subscriber",": The device receiving data (e.g., your mobile phone). Says \"Let me know if temperature data arrives\".",[16,1901,1902],{},"The ZMA card throws data to the Broker, and the Broker distributes it to everyone waiting for it. This allows data from thousands of sensors to be distributed to millions of users in seconds.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1904},[1905],{"id":1864,"depth":61,"text":1865,"children":1906},[1907],{"id":1875,"depth":66,"text":1876},"Working logic of MQTT, the lightest and most popular communication protocol of the IoT world.",{"tags":1910},[1911,1713,1652,1912,1795],"MQTT","M2M","/en/glossary/mqtt",{"title":1859,"description":1908},"en/glossary/mqtt","iQomN18V4D9SV74LywAouUIaCqaVEbcESKfbkxHDTdk",{"id":1918,"title":1919,"body":1920,"description":1981,"extension":68,"meta":1982,"navigation":76,"path":1987,"seo":1988,"stem":1989,"__hash__":1990},"en_glossary/en/glossary/modbus-rtu-tcp.md","What is Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP?",{"type":8,"value":1921,"toc":1975},[1922,1926,1929,1933,1936,1948,1952,1955,1967],[11,1923,1925],{"id":1924},"what-is-modbus","What is Modbus?",[16,1927,1928],{},"Modbus is a data communications protocol originally published by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) in 1979 for use with its Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Due to its simplicity, reliability, and open-source (royalty-free) nature, it has become a de-facto standard for connecting industrial electronic devices. It uses a Master/Slave architecture, where one device (the Master) manages the line and sends queries to one or more devices (Slaves).",[20,1930,1932],{"id":1931},"modbus-rtu-serial","Modbus RTU (Serial)",[16,1934,1935],{},"Modbus RTU typically operates over serial communication using the RS-485 or RS-232 physical layers. Data is encoded in a binary format, allowing for fast and compact transmission.",[101,1937,1938,1943],{},[36,1939,1940,1942],{},[28,1941,1189],{},": It works reliably over long distances (up to 1200 meters) and in environments with high electrical noise.",[36,1944,1945,1947],{},[28,1946,432],{},": Sensors, drives, temperature controllers.",[20,1949,1951],{"id":1950},"modbus-tcp-ethernet","Modbus TCP (Ethernet)",[16,1953,1954],{},"Modbus TCP is the adaptation of the Modbus protocol to run over TCP/IP networks. It uses the standard Ethernet physical layer.",[101,1956,1957,1962],{},[36,1958,1959,1961],{},[28,1960,1189],{},": Much higher speeds, ability to use existing network infrastructure, and remote access over the internet.",[36,1963,1964,1966],{},[28,1965,432],{},": SCADA systems, HMI panels, advanced automation networks.",[16,1968,301,1969,1974],{},[28,1970,1971],{},[139,1972,1973],{"href":141},"GDT Series Digital Transmitters"," can integrate easily into any automation infrastructure with support for both Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":1976},[1977],{"id":1924,"depth":61,"text":1925,"children":1978},[1979,1980],{"id":1931,"depth":66,"text":1932},{"id":1950,"depth":66,"text":1951},"Differences between Modbus RTU and TCP, the most common communication protocols in industrial automation, their working principles and advantages.",{"tags":1983},[1984,1652,1985,1986,1653],"Modbus","RS485","Ethernet","/en/glossary/modbus-rtu-tcp",{"title":1919,"description":1981},"en/glossary/modbus-rtu-tcp","jWzofcxADAVYtc-T1lhMf0wRhnNn3FvdQVLtAxhcS44",{"id":1992,"title":1993,"body":1994,"description":2040,"extension":68,"meta":2041,"navigation":76,"path":2045,"seo":2046,"stem":2047,"__hash__":2048},"en_glossary/en/glossary/profinet.md","What is Profinet?",{"type":8,"value":1995,"toc":2034},[1996,1999,2006,2010,2024,2028,2031],[11,1997,1993],{"id":1998},"what-is-profinet",[16,2000,2001,2002,2005],{},"Profinet (Process Field Network) is the leading ",[28,2003,2004],{},"Industrial Ethernet"," standard developed by Siemens and widely used globally. It uses standard Ethernet cables (RJ45) but manages data packets much differently than office computers, transmitting them at sub-millisecond speeds.",[20,2007,2009],{"id":2008},"profibus-vs-profinet","Profibus vs Profinet",[101,2011,2012,2018],{},[36,2013,2014,2017],{},[28,2015,2016],{},"Profibus",": Legacy generation, uses purple serial cable. Slow (max 12 Mbps).",[36,2019,2020,2023],{},[28,2021,2022],{},"Profinet",": New generation, uses green ethernet cable. Very fast (100 Mbps or 1 Gbps).",[20,2025,2027],{"id":2026},"why-so-fast","Why So Fast?",[16,2029,2030],{},"Profinet takes data directly from the physical layer without passing it through the TCP/IP stack (internet protocol). This is called \"Real-Time (RT)\". If this speed isn't enough, it provides microsecond-level synchronization in \"Isochronous Real-Time (IRT)\" mode (e.g., for high-speed packaging machines).",[16,2032,2033],{},"Amazeng devices are compatible with special Gateway modules for integration into Profinet networks.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2035},[2036],{"id":1998,"depth":61,"text":1993,"children":2037},[2038,2039],{"id":2008,"depth":66,"text":2009},{"id":2026,"depth":66,"text":2027},"Profinet, the industrial Ethernet standard developed by Siemens, and differences from Profibus.",{"tags":2042},[2022,2043,2004,2044,175],"Siemens","Real-Time","/en/glossary/profinet",{"title":1993,"description":2040},"en/glossary/profinet","FcUStjJZeWOufMrwYJcHadeqYtnBWD9fqm8aFignFpc",{"id":2050,"title":2051,"body":2052,"description":2106,"extension":68,"meta":2107,"navigation":76,"path":2111,"seo":2112,"stem":2113,"__hash__":2114},"en_glossary/en/glossary/prompt-engineering.md","What is Prompt Engineering?",{"type":8,"value":2053,"toc":2100},[2054,2058,2063,2067,2070,2090,2093],[11,2055,2057],{"id":2056},"prompt-engineering","Prompt Engineering",[16,2059,2060,2062],{},[28,2061,2057],{}," is the art and science of designing and optimizing inputs (prompts) to get the best result from a model.",[20,2064,2066],{"id":2065},"key-concepts","Key Concepts",[16,2068,2069],{},"It involves more than just asking a question. It includes:",[101,2071,2072,2078,2084],{},[36,2073,2074,2077],{},[28,2075,2076],{},"Context Setting",": \"You are an expert industrial automation engineer.\"",[36,2079,2080,2083],{},[28,2081,2082],{},"Constraint Definition",": \"Answer in JSON format only.\"",[36,2085,2086,2089],{},[28,2087,2088],{},"Few-Shot Learning",": Providing a few examples of the desired input-output format within the prompt.",[20,2091,432],{"id":2092},"application",[16,2094,2095,2096,2099],{},"In automated systems, prompts are often pre-engineered \"under the hood\". For example, a future feature in ",[28,2097,2098],{},"ZMA software"," might use a hidden, carefully crafted prompt to ask an LLM to \"Analyze these vibration statistics and summarize the health status in 3 bullet points\" ensuring the output is always consistent for the end-user.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2101},[2102],{"id":2056,"depth":61,"text":2057,"children":2103},[2104,2105],{"id":2065,"depth":66,"text":2066},{"id":2092,"depth":66,"text":432},"The art of designing inputs to get the best possible output from an Artificial Intelligence model.",{"tags":2108},[2057,582,394,2109,2110],"Optimization","Interaction","/en/glossary/prompt-engineering",{"title":2051,"description":2106},"en/glossary/prompt-engineering","1l0Y0KJR2poBw5tM2h1NfXRbiKK2zin-5HpZqQV8G1I",{"id":2116,"title":2117,"body":2118,"description":2174,"extension":68,"meta":2175,"navigation":76,"path":2179,"seo":2180,"stem":2181,"__hash__":2182},"en_glossary/en/glossary/rag.md","What is RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)?",{"type":8,"value":2119,"toc":2168},[2120,2124,2129,2132,2135,2155,2159],[11,2121,2123],{"id":2122},"rag-retrieval-augmented-generation","RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)",[16,2125,2126,2128],{},[28,2127,481],{}," is a method that allows a model to access external data sources (like company documents, recent news, or a distinct database) during generation to produce answers.",[20,2130,2131],{"id":1749},"Why is it important?",[16,2133,2134],{},"Standard LLMs are limited to their training data, which has a cutoff date. RAG bridges this gap by:",[33,2136,2137,2143,2149],{},[36,2138,2139,2142],{},[28,2140,2141],{},"Retrieving"," relevant information from a live knowledge base.",[36,2144,2145,2148],{},[28,2146,2147],{},"Augmenting"," the user's prompt with this retrieved context.",[36,2150,2151,2154],{},[28,2152,2153],{},"Generating"," an answer based on both the question and the retrieved data.",[20,2156,2158],{"id":2157},"industrial-use-case","Industrial Use Case",[16,2160,2161,2162,2167],{},"Imagine an AI assistant for a ",[28,2163,2164],{},[139,2165,2166],{"href":380},"Cloud & IoT Platform",". Using RAG, the assistant could look up the specific, real-time status of a connected device or consult the latest user manual to help an operator troubleshoot a specific error code, without the AI model itself needing to be retrained.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2169},[2170],{"id":2122,"depth":61,"text":2123,"children":2171},[2172,2173],{"id":1749,"depth":66,"text":2131},{"id":2157,"depth":66,"text":2158},"How RAG allows AI models to answer questions using private, up-to-date external data sources.",{"tags":2176},[481,582,2177,2178,394],"Knowledge Base","Data Retrieval","/en/glossary/rag",{"title":2117,"description":2174},"en/glossary/rag","MdUWLavdcYuWJLhh_MSOP_ICMcsHgjMIGG8C9MZDrOo",{"id":2184,"title":2185,"body":2186,"description":2251,"extension":68,"meta":2252,"navigation":76,"path":804,"seo":2257,"stem":2258,"__hash__":2259},"en_glossary/en/glossary/noise.md","What is Signal Noise and How to Prevent It?",{"type":8,"value":2187,"toc":2245},[2188,2192,2195,2199,2210,2214,2237],[11,2189,2191],{"id":2190},"what-is-signal-noise","What is Signal Noise?",[16,2193,2194],{},"Industrial environments are a battlefield for sensitive electronics. Motor drives (VFDs), large contactors, and welding machines emit \"electromagnetic interference\" (EMI). This noise rides onto sensor cables and behaves as if it were a real signal.",[20,2196,2198],{"id":2197},"what-are-the-consequences","What Are the Consequences?",[101,2200,2201,2204,2207],{},[36,2202,2203],{},"Unstable, fluctuating measurement values.",[36,2205,2206],{},"Triggering of false alarms.",[36,2208,2209],{},"Damage to sensitive electronic boards.",[20,2211,2213],{"id":2212},"how-to-prevent-it","How to Prevent It?",[33,2215,2216,2222,2228],{},[36,2217,2218,2221],{},[28,2219,2220],{},"Shielded Cable",": Protects the cable like armor.",[36,2223,2224,2227],{},[28,2225,2226],{},"Differential Signal",": RS485 or differential analog inputs mathematically eliminate noise.",[36,2229,2230,135,2233,2236],{},[28,2231,2232],{},"Digital Filtering",[28,2234,2235],{},"Adaptive Digital Filter"," in Amazeng devices analyzes the incoming signal and separates noise frequencies from the real signal to clean it up.",[16,2238,2239,2240,2244],{},"In noisy environments, instead of carrying analog signals, using a ",[28,2241,2242],{},[139,2243,142],{"href":141}," that digitizes the signal at the source is the definitive solution.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2246},[2247],{"id":2190,"depth":61,"text":2191,"children":2248},[2249,2250],{"id":2197,"depth":66,"text":2198},{"id":2212,"depth":66,"text":2213},"Sources of electrical noise (EMI/RFI) in industrial environments, their effect on measurement errors, and filtering methods.",{"tags":2253},[805,2254,798,2255,2256],"EMI","Signal Quality","Grounding",{"title":2185,"description":2251},"en/glossary/noise","IuNPOMq-U-oO0xObx0FHOA25nnwp49erXR9qkySa19s",{"id":2261,"title":2262,"body":2263,"description":2305,"extension":68,"meta":2306,"navigation":76,"path":2312,"seo":2313,"stem":2314,"__hash__":2315},"en_glossary/en/glossary/uwb.md","What is UWB (Ultra-Wideband) Technology?",{"type":8,"value":2264,"toc":2300},[2265,2269,2272,2276,2283,2297],[11,2266,2268],{"id":2267},"what-is-uwb","What is UWB?",[16,2270,2271],{},"UWB (Ultra-Wideband) is a wireless technology that works very differently from Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, sending radio waves in \"short pulses\". It works just like a radar.",[20,2273,2275],{"id":2274},"key-capability-precise-positioning","Key Capability: Precise Positioning",[16,2277,2278,2279,2282],{},"UWB measures the round-trip time (Time of Flight) of the signal so precisely that it can locate a forklift or personnel in a factory with ",[28,2280,2281],{},"centimeter-level accuracy"," (e.g., ±10 cm). With Bluetooth, this error can be several meters.",[101,2284,2285,2291],{},[36,2286,2287,2290],{},[28,2288,2289],{},"Safety",": When a forklift gets too close to a pedestrian, the UWB system detects this and automatically slows down the vehicle.",[36,2292,2293,2296],{},[28,2294,2295],{},"Follow-Me Robots",": Enables a transport robot to automatically follow the operator.",[16,2298,2299],{},"In industrial safety and traceability applications, UWB is positioned as the standard of the future.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2301},[2302],{"id":2267,"depth":61,"text":2268,"children":2303},[2304],{"id":2274,"depth":66,"text":2275},"Revolutionary radar-like technology used for indoor positioning and short-range high-speed data transmission.",{"tags":2307},[2308,2309,2310,1210,2311],"UWB","Positioning","RTLS","Radar","/en/glossary/uwb",{"title":2262,"description":2305},"en/glossary/uwb","odjTP2qGvPArPuzrI92gerPvA9sfWXjj1Qqp9AJ-R6U",{"id":2317,"title":2318,"body":2319,"description":2365,"extension":68,"meta":2366,"navigation":76,"path":2371,"seo":2372,"stem":2373,"__hash__":2374},"en_glossary/en/glossary/digital-transmitter.md","What is a Digital Transmitter and Why Use It?",{"type":8,"value":2320,"toc":2360},[2321,2325,2328,2332,2352],[11,2322,2324],{"id":2323},"what-is-a-digital-transmitter","What is a Digital Transmitter?",[16,2326,2327],{},"A Digital Transmitter is an intelligent device that takes an analog signal from a sensor (loadcell, temperature probe, etc.), processes it with its onboard microprocessor, and converts it into digital data (Modbus, Profinet, etc.). While traditional analog transmitters only amplify the signal (like an amp), digital transmitters \"interpret and clean\" it.",[20,2329,2331],{"id":2330},"how-does-it-differ-from-analog","How Does It Differ From Analog?",[101,2333,2334,2340,2346],{},[36,2335,2336,2339],{},[28,2337,2338],{},"Zero Noise",": Analog signals can pick up noise along the cable. Digital signals (0s and 1s) are immune to noise.",[36,2341,2342,2345],{},[28,2343,2344],{},"High Precision",": Digital transmitters digitize the signal at the source with 24-bit resolution. You don't have to rely on the PLC's analog input card (usually 12-16 bits).",[36,2347,2348,2351],{},[28,2349,2350],{},"Remote Configuration",": You don't need to go to the device for calibration; you can perform \"zeroing\" remotely via software.",[16,2353,2354,2355,2359],{},"The Amazeng ",[28,2356,2357],{},[139,2358,142],{"href":141}," family eliminates the uncertainties of the analog world, providing you with 100% reliable and processed digital data.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2361},[2362],{"id":2323,"depth":61,"text":2324,"children":2363},[2364],{"id":2330,"depth":66,"text":2331},"Advantages over analog transmitters, the power of digital signal processing, and data integrity.",{"tags":2367},[2368,2369,2370,1984,317],"Digital Transmitter","GDT Series","Signal Converter","/en/glossary/digital-transmitter",{"title":2318,"description":2365},"en/glossary/digital-transmitter","EVCJKiidQY5OYvEPGwM8rdOT4OCEd9SzEyT64vOW7cU",{"id":2376,"title":2377,"body":2378,"description":2444,"extension":68,"meta":2445,"navigation":76,"path":2450,"seo":2451,"stem":2452,"__hash__":2453},"en_glossary/en/glossary/loadcell.md","What is a Loadcell?",{"type":8,"value":2379,"toc":2438},[2380,2383,2386,2390,2397,2404,2412,2416,2430],[11,2381,2377],{"id":2382},"what-is-a-loadcell",[16,2384,2385],{},"A Loadcell is a transducer that converts a physical force applied to it (weight, compression, tension) into a measurable electrical signal. It is considered the \"electronic scale\" of modern industry.",[20,2387,2389],{"id":2388},"working-principle-strain-gauge","Working Principle: Strain Gauge",[16,2391,2392,2393,2396],{},"Inside a loadcell, there are thin conductive wires called ",[28,2394,2395],{},"Strain Gauges"," bonded to a metal body. When force is applied, the metal body flexes at a microscopic level. This flexing causes the wires on the Strain Gauge to stretch or compress, changing their electrical resistance.",[16,2398,2399,2400,2403],{},"This change in resistance is converted into a very small voltage difference (usually at the mV level) via a ",[28,2401,2402],{},"Wheatstone Bridge"," circuit.",[101,2405,2406],{},[36,2407,2408,2411],{},[28,2409,2410],{},"mV/V Output",": Loadcells typically output a signal proportional to the excitation voltage (e.g., 2mV/V). This means a loadcell at full capacity powered by 10V will output 20mV.",[20,2413,2415],{"id":2414},"industrial-applications","Industrial Applications",[101,2417,2418,2421,2424,2427],{},[36,2419,2420],{},"Tank and Silo weighing",[36,2422,2423],{},"Truck scales",[36,2425,2426],{},"Filling and packaging machines",[36,2428,2429],{},"Material testing devices",[16,2431,2432,2433,2437],{},"These sensitive mV-level signals must be processed by specialized devices like the ",[28,2434,2435],{},[139,2436,142],{"href":141}," and converted into digital data or 4-20mA signals that PLCs can understand.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2439},[2440],{"id":2382,"depth":61,"text":2377,"children":2441},[2442,2443],{"id":2388,"depth":66,"text":2389},{"id":2414,"depth":66,"text":2415},"Working principle of sensors converting force into electrical signals, Wheatstone bridge, and industrial applications.",{"tags":2446},[2447,1271,985,2448,2449],"Loadcell","Strain Gauge","Force Measurement","/en/glossary/loadcell",{"title":2377,"description":2444},"en/glossary/loadcell","yeK8bh1a1yOkTjUBy-QJyOaVQfHlM5blH38Hshfmc9g",{"id":2455,"title":2456,"body":2457,"description":2517,"extension":68,"meta":2518,"navigation":76,"path":2522,"seo":2523,"stem":2524,"__hash__":2525},"en_glossary/en/glossary/plc.md","What is a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)?",{"type":8,"value":2458,"toc":2511},[2459,2463,2466,2470,2473,2498,2502],[11,2460,2462],{"id":2461},"what-is-a-plc","What is a PLC?",[16,2464,2465],{},"A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a ruggedized computer designed to control industrial processes (machines, production lines, robots). Unlike home computers, it is built to operate 24/7 in harsh factory conditions such as dust, humidity, vibration, and extreme temperatures.",[20,2467,2469],{"id":2468},"what-does-it-do","What Does It Do?",[16,2471,2472],{},"The PLC reads \"Input\" signals from the field, makes decisions based on the program written inside it, and manages \"Output\" signals.",[101,2474,2475,2486,2492],{},[36,2476,2477,2480,2481,437],{},[28,2478,2479],{},"Inputs",": Sensors, buttons, switches, ",[28,2482,2483],{},[139,2484,2485],{"href":141},"Digital Transmitters",[36,2487,2488,2491],{},[28,2489,2490],{},"Process",": \"If temperature exceeds 100°C...\"",[36,2493,2494,2497],{},[28,2495,2496],{},"Outputs",": Stop the motor, open the valve, sound the alarm.",[20,2499,2501],{"id":2500},"sensor-integration","Sensor Integration",[16,2503,2504,2505,2510],{},"Modern PLCs no longer just read \"on/off\" signals, but also intelligent sensor data via protocols like Modbus or Profinet. Amazeng ",[28,2506,2507],{},[139,2508,2509],{"href":306},"ZMA Data Acquisition Cards"," act as an interface (gateway) allowing PLCs to read analog signals with high precision.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2512},[2513],{"id":2461,"depth":61,"text":2462,"children":2514},[2515,2516],{"id":2468,"depth":66,"text":2469},{"id":2500,"depth":66,"text":2501},"The working logic of PLCs, the brains of factories, their integration with sensors, and their place in automation systems.",{"tags":2519},[2520,175,1696,1796,2521],"PLC","Input/Output","/en/glossary/plc",{"title":2456,"description":2517},"en/glossary/plc","UXQQjUCF674IIVILPOUQVpDbek9D_2n9-StEBzJfsRs",{"id":2527,"title":2528,"body":2529,"description":2584,"extension":68,"meta":2585,"navigation":76,"path":2591,"seo":2592,"stem":2593,"__hash__":2594},"en_glossary/en/glossary/potentiometric-ruler.md","What is a Potentiometric Ruler?",{"type":8,"value":2530,"toc":2578},[2531,2534,2541,2545,2548,2553,2557,2571],[11,2532,2528],{"id":2533},"what-is-a-potentiometric-ruler",[16,2535,2536,2537,2540],{},"A ",[28,2538,2539],{},"Potentiometric Ruler"," (or Linear Potentiometer) is a simple, cost-effective sensor used to measure position or displacement. It works as a variable resistor.",[20,2542,2544],{"id":2543},"working-principle","Working Principle",[16,2546,2547],{},"It contains a resistive track and a wiper (slider) that moves along the track. As the wiper moves, the resistance between the wiper and the end of the track changes linearly.",[101,2549,2550],{},[36,2551,2552],{},"By applying a fixed voltage (e.g., 10V) across the track, the voltage at the wiper becomes directly proportional to the position.",[20,2554,2556],{"id":2555},"comparison-vs-lvdt","Comparison vs LVDT",[101,2558,2559,2565],{},[36,2560,2561,2564],{},[28,2562,2563],{},"Pros",": Cheaper, simpler electronics (DC voltage output), absolute position (no homing needed).",[36,2566,2567,2570],{},[28,2568,2569],{},"Cons",": Physical contact causes wear over time (limited life cycles).",[16,2572,2573,2574,437],{},"These sensors are widely used in injection molding machines, hydraulic presses, and general automation, often read by devices like the ",[28,2575,2576],{},[139,2577,142],{"href":141},{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2579},[2580],{"id":2533,"depth":61,"text":2528,"children":2581},[2582,2583],{"id":2543,"depth":66,"text":2544},{"id":2555,"depth":66,"text":2556},"Explanation of linear potentiometers, their resistive working principle, and common applications in position sensing.",{"tags":2586},[2587,2588,2589,2590,175],"Potentiometer","Position Sensor","Resistive","Linear Scale","/en/glossary/potentiometric-ruler",{"title":2528,"description":2584},"en/glossary/potentiometric-ruler","9a4pCAr4B0ZNp-xIjOObXJgtQbJ2hlmFHvRgFmRYQcM",{"id":2596,"title":2597,"body":2598,"description":2652,"extension":68,"meta":2653,"navigation":76,"path":2657,"seo":2658,"stem":2659,"__hash__":2660},"en_glossary/en/glossary/llm.md","What is an LLM (Large Language Model)?",{"type":8,"value":2599,"toc":2647},[2600,2604,2610,2612,2615,2635],[11,2601,2603],{"id":2602},"what-is-an-llm","What is an LLM?",[16,2605,2606,2609],{},[28,2607,2608],{},"LLM (Large Language Model)"," is a type of artificial intelligence designed to understand, generate, and manipulate human language. These models are trained on massive datasets containing text, code, and other forms of data, allowing them to perform complex reasoning and generation tasks.",[20,2611,2415],{"id":2414},[16,2613,2614],{},"While popular for chat assistants, LLMs are revolutionizing industry by:",[101,2616,2617,2623,2629],{},[36,2618,2619,2622],{},[28,2620,2621],{},"Interpreting Logs",": Analyzing complex error logs from machines and suggesting fixes.",[36,2624,2625,2628],{},[28,2626,2627],{},"Code Generation",": Assisting in writing PLC or embedded software.",[36,2630,2631,2634],{},[28,2632,2633],{},"Report Summarization",": Turning raw production data into readable executive summaries.",[16,2636,2637,2638,2642,2643,2646],{},"In the context of industrial IoT, LLMs can be integrated into ",[28,2639,2640],{},[139,2641,381],{"href":380}," to provide \"chat-with-your-data\" capabilities, allowing operators to ask questions like ",[106,2644,2645],{},"\"Why did the production stop at 2 PM?\""," and get data-backed answers.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2648},[2649],{"id":2602,"depth":61,"text":2603,"children":2650},[2651],{"id":2414,"depth":66,"text":2415},"Definition of Large Language Models, how they work, and their applications in industrial data interpretation.",{"tags":2654},[394,582,2655,2656,175],"Artificial Intelligence","Data Analysis","/en/glossary/llm",{"title":2597,"description":2652},"en/glossary/llm","j4GGxHV2nN8arY-bWHBe6vZaawUpnSCTrCvpX5z-Ymg",{"id":2662,"title":2663,"body":2664,"description":2734,"extension":68,"meta":2735,"navigation":76,"path":2740,"seo":2741,"stem":2742,"__hash__":2743},"en_glossary/en/glossary/lvdt.md","What is an LVDT?",{"type":8,"value":2665,"toc":2728},[2666,2669,2675,2677,2680,2694,2697,2699,2719],[11,2667,2663],{"id":2668},"what-is-an-lvdt",[16,2670,2671,2674],{},[28,2672,2673],{},"LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)"," is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement (position). It is known for its high precision, robustness, and frictionless operation.",[20,2676,1612],{"id":1290},[16,2678,2679],{},"It consists of three coils placed end-to-end around a tube. A ferromagnetic core attached to the object being measured moves inside this tube.",[101,2681,2682,2688],{},[36,2683,2684,2687],{},[28,2685,2686],{},"Primary Coil",": Excited by an AC source.",[36,2689,2690,2693],{},[28,2691,2692],{},"Secondary Coils",": The movement of the core changes the induced voltage in the secondary coils.",[16,2695,2696],{},"The difference in voltage between the two secondary coils is proportional to the position of the core.",[20,2698,1639],{"id":1638},[101,2700,2701,2707,2713],{},[36,2702,2703,2706],{},[28,2704,2705],{},"Friaction-free",": Non-contact measurement means infinite mechanical life.",[36,2708,2709,2712],{},[28,2710,2711],{},"High Resolution",": Can measure movements down to micrometers.",[36,2714,2715,2718],{},[28,2716,2717],{},"Robustness",": Resistant to shock and vibration.",[16,2720,2721,2722,2727],{},"LVDTs are often used with precision conditioners or ",[28,2723,2724],{},[139,2725,2726],{"href":306},"Data Acquisition Systems"," to monitor structural health or machine geometry.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2729},[2730],{"id":2668,"depth":61,"text":2663,"children":2731},[2732,2733],{"id":1290,"depth":66,"text":1612},{"id":1638,"depth":66,"text":1639},"Working principle of Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) for high-precision linear position measurement.",{"tags":2736},[2737,1271,2738,2739,171],"LVDT","Position","Displacement","/en/glossary/lvdt",{"title":2663,"description":2734},"en/glossary/lvdt","uZnSgishgFddEAgkfGeTR0BIfsXykwjwmwFOPr6q3UQ",{"id":2745,"title":2746,"body":2747,"description":2798,"extension":68,"meta":2799,"navigation":76,"path":2806,"seo":2807,"stem":2808,"__hash__":2809},"en_glossary/en/glossary/peak-valley.md","Why Are Peak and Valley Values Important?",{"type":8,"value":2748,"toc":2792},[2749,2753,2763,2767,2781,2785],[11,2750,2752],{"id":2751},"what-are-peak-and-valley","What are Peak and Valley?",[16,2754,2755,2756,548,2759,2762],{},"In industrial tests and dynamic processes, the ",[28,2757,2758],{},"highest (Peak)",[28,2760,2761],{},"lowest (Valley)"," values observed during that process are often more important than the instantaneous value. However, these values sometimes occur and vanish within milliseconds.",[20,2764,2766],{"id":2765},"application-examples","Application Examples",[33,2768,2769,2775],{},[36,2770,2771,2774],{},[28,2772,2773],{},"Tensile Test",": When establishing the breaking point of a material, you want to know the maximum force (Peak) at the moment of rupture. A standard display might miss that instant.",[36,2776,2777,2780],{},[28,2778,2779],{},"Impact Test",": The peak of the shockwave created by a hammer strike.",[20,2782,2784],{"id":2783},"peak-hold-function","Peak Hold Function",[16,2786,301,2787,2791],{},[28,2788,2789],{},[139,2790,307],{"href":306}," devices measure 1000 times per second to capture and hold these microsecond peaks in memory. Even if you, as an operator, look at the screen and miss that instant, the device can tell you \"The highest value seen was 540.2 kg\".",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2793},[2794],{"id":2751,"depth":61,"text":2752,"children":2795},[2796,2797],{"id":2765,"depth":66,"text":2766},{"id":2783,"depth":66,"text":2784},"Capturing instantaneous maximum and minimum values (Peak Hold) in dynamic measurements and their applications.",{"tags":2800},[2801,2802,2803,2804,2805],"Peak Hold","Maximum","Dynamic Measurement","Test","Break Test","/en/glossary/peak-valley",{"title":2746,"description":2798},"en/glossary/peak-valley","zFVJ3opKZxhDx-oDG9-zPq4MdR6LoWnTuEAY00jklps",{"id":2811,"title":2812,"body":2813,"description":2861,"extension":68,"meta":2862,"navigation":76,"path":2868,"seo":2869,"stem":2870,"__hash__":2871},"en_glossary/en/glossary/wifi.md","Wi-Fi Usage in Industry: Pros and Cons",{"type":8,"value":2814,"toc":2855},[2815,2819,2822,2824,2844,2848],[11,2816,2818],{"id":2817},"what-is-industrial-wi-fi","What is Industrial Wi-Fi?",[16,2820,2821],{},"It is the robust version of the Wi-Fi technology we use at home, reinforced to withstand harsh industrial conditions, high metal density, and electrical noise.",[20,2823,1639],{"id":1638},[101,2825,2826,2832,2838],{},[36,2827,2828,2831],{},[28,2829,2830],{},"Freedom of Movement",": Autonomous robots (AGVs) and forklifts can stay connected while constantly moving.",[36,2833,2834,2837],{},[28,2835,2836],{},"Flexibility",": No need to lay cables when adding a new machine.",[36,2839,2840,2843],{},[28,2841,2842],{},"Tablet/Mobile Control",": Operators can troubleshoot faults via tablet without going to the machine panel.",[20,2845,2847],{"id":2846},"things-to-consider","Things to Consider",[16,2849,2850,2851,2854],{},"Industrial Wi-Fi does not have the \"it works/it doesn't work\" tolerance of home Wi-Fi. A robot must stop the moment the connection drops (for safety). Therefore, ",[28,2852,2853],{},"Roaming"," (seamless switching from one access point to another) performance is critical.\nAmazeng recommends using wired lines (Modbus/Profinet) as the backbone for critical data communication, and Wi-Fi only for monitoring purposes.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":2856},[2857],{"id":2817,"depth":61,"text":2818,"children":2858},[2859,2860],{"id":1638,"depth":66,"text":1639},{"id":2846,"depth":66,"text":2847},"Wireless LAN (WLAN/Wi-Fi) usage in factory automation, security risks, and industrial Wi-Fi standards.",{"tags":2863},[2864,2865,1210,2866,2867],"Wi-Fi","WLAN","Network","Security","/en/glossary/wifi",{"title":2812,"description":2861},"en/glossary/wifi","2bFWr8MP6A41DMp601sdu_BvaEGLogQpdcCgsv7M3jE",1778229653598]